VITAL and REDUCE-IT：
Marine n−3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
JoAnn E. Manson, et al., for the VITAL Research Group
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1811403
ランダム化プラシーボ対照2ｘ2区分デザイン、ビタミンDと海産物n-3脂肪酸(1g/日)：男性50歳以上・女性55歳以上一次予防：重大心血管イベント・がん発生率低下認めず
DECLARE-TIMI 58
アストラゼネカのフォシーガ、DECLARE-TIMI58試験で、幅広い2型糖尿病患者さんにおける心不全による入院または心血管死のリスク低下を示す
https://www.astrazeneca.co.jp/media/press-releases1/2018/2018111401.html
Wiviott S.D et al. ‘Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes’. The New England Journal of Medicine. DOI https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
で、本題の身体活動ガイドライン
The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
Katrina L. Piercy, . et al
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2712935
(例によってGoogle訳)
PAGは、多数の集団のために様々な健康上の結果を改善するために身体活動の種類と量に関する情報と手引きを提供します。未就学児（3歳から5歳まで）は、成長と発達を促進するために1日を通して身体的に活動的であるべきです。 6歳から17歳までの子供や青年は、毎日60分以上の中程度から激しい運動をするべきです。成人は、少なくとも週に150分から300分の中強度の運動、または週に75分から150分の激しい強度の有酸素運動、または同等の強度と中強度の有酸素運動の組み合わせを行うべきです。彼らはまた、1週間に2日以上筋肉を強化する活動をするべきです。高齢者は、バランストレーニングや有酸素運動、筋力増強などの多成分運動をするべきです。妊娠中および産後の女性は、週に少なくとも150分の中強度の有酸素運動をするべきです。可能な限り慢性疾患や障害を持つ成人は成人のための重要なガイドラインに従うべきであり、そして有酸素運動と筋肉強化活動の両方をするべきです。勧告は、より多くを動かし、より少なく座っていることが、ほぼすべての人に利益をもたらすことを強調しています。身体活動が最も少ない個人は、中程度から活発な身体活動のわずかな増加でさえも最も利益を得ます。身体活動が多いほど、追加の利点があります。有酸素運動と筋力増強の両方の運動が有益です。
Box 1. 身体活動性の健康ベネフィットに関する新しいエビデンス
- 3−5歳小児での骨健康・体重の改善
- 6−13歳では認知機能改善＋追加部位での癌リスク減少
- 脳の健康へのベネフィット、認知機能改善、不安・うつリスク軽減、睡眠・QOL改善
- 高齢者骨折関連外傷リスク減少
- 妊娠女性では、過剰な体重増加、妊娠糖尿病、産後うつのリスク減少
- 慢性医療疾患患者では、総死亡、疾患原因死亡率減少、機能改善、QOL改善
Box 2. Health Benefits Associated With Regular Physical Activity
Children and Adolescents：小児・青年期
- 3−17歳：骨健康の改善、3−17歳：体重改善
- 6−17歳：心臓呼吸・筋肉フィットネス改善、6−13歳：認知改善
- 6−13歳：うつリスク減少
- 総死亡率減少
- 心血管死亡率減少
- 心血管（心臓疾患と卒中含め）リスクの減少
- 高血圧リスク減少
- 2型糖尿病リスク減少
- 不都合な脂質特性のリスク減少
- がん（膀胱、乳、子宮内膜、食毒、腎臓、肺、胃）のリスク減少
- 認知改善
- 認知症（アルツハイマー病を含む）リスク減少
- QOL改善
- 不安減少
- うつリスク減少
- 睡眠改善
- 体重増加の緩徐化・減少
- 減量、特にカロリー摂取減少と組み合わせで
- 減量後体重増加予防
- 骨健康改善
- 身体機能の改善
- 転倒リスク減少（高齢者）
- 転倒関連外傷リスク減少（高齢者）
Box 3. Types and Intensity of Physical Activity
Aerobic Activity
- An activity in which the body’s large muscles move for a sustained amount of time, therefore improving cardiorespiratory fitness. Aerobic activity is also called endurance or cardio activity. Examples include brisk walking, running, or bicycling.
- An activity that increases skeletal muscle strength, power, endurance, and mass. Examples include weight lifting or resistance training.
Bone-Strengthening Physical Activity
- An activity that produces a force on the bones, which promotes bone growth and strength. Examples include jumping rope or running.
Balance Activity
- An activity designed to improve individuals’ ability to resist forces within or outside of the body that cause falls while a person is stationary or moving. Examples include lunges or walking backward.
Multicomponent Physical Activity
- An activity that includes more than 1 type of physical activity, such as aerobic, muscle strengthening, and balance training. Examples include some dancing or sports.
Absolute Intensity
- Refers to the rate of work being performed and does not consider the physiologic capacity of the individual. This is often expressed in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) units. Moderate-intensity physical activities such as walking briskly or raking the yard have a MET level of 3 to 5.9 METs.
Relative Intensity
- Takes into account or adjusts for a person’s cardiorespiratory fitness. Someone who is more fit will perceive an exercise to be easier and thus rate it as of lower relative intensity than someone who is less fit.
Box 4. Key Guidelines for Preschool-aged Children and for School-aged Children and Adolescents
Preschool-aged Children
- Preschool-aged children (3 through 5 years) should be physically active throughout the day to enhance growth and development.
- Adult caregivers of preschool-aged children should encourage active play that includes a variety of activity types.
School-aged Children and Adolescents
- It is important to provide young people opportunities and encouragement to participate in physical activities that are appropriate for their age, that are enjoyable, and that offer variety.
- Children and adolescents aged 6 through 17 years should do 60 minutes (1 hour) or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily
- Aerobic: Most of the 60 minutes or more per day should be either moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity and should include vigorous-intensity physical activity on at least 3 days a week.
- Muscle-strengthening: As part of their 60 minutes or more of daily physical activity, children and adolescents should include muscle-strengthening physical activity on at least 3 days a week.
- Bone-strengthening: As part of their 60 minutes or more of daily physical activity, children and adolescents should include bone-strengthening physical activity on at least 3 days a week.
Box 5. Key Guidelines for Adults
- Adults should move more and sit less throughout the day. Some physical activity is better than none. Adults who sit less and do any amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity gain some health benefits.
- For substantial health benefits, adults should do at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to
- 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.
- Additional health benefits are gained by doing physical activity beyond the equivalent of 300 minutes (5 hours) of moderate-intensity physical activity a week.
- Adults should also do muscle-strengthening activities of moderate or greater intensity that involve all major muscle groups on
- 2 or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.
Box 6. Key Guidelines for Older Adults
- The key guidelines for adults also apply to older adults. In addition, the following key guidelines are just for older adults:
- As part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do multicomponent physical activity that includes balance training as well as aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities.
- Older adults should determine their level of effort for physical activity relative to their level of fitness.
- Older adults with chronic conditions should understand whether and how their conditions affect their ability to do regular physical activity safely.
- When older adults cannot do 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity a week because of chronic conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.
Box 7. Key Guidelines for Women During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
- Women should do at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity a week during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.
- Women who habitually engaged in vigorous-intensity aerobic activity or who were physically active before pregnancy can continue these activities during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
- Women who are pregnant should be under the care of a health care practitioner who can monitor the progress of the pregnancy. Women who are pregnant can consult their health care practitioner about whether or how to adjust their physical activity during pregnancy and after the child is born.
Box 8. Key Guidelines for Adults With Chronic Health Conditions and Adults With Disabilities
- Adults with chronic conditions or disabilities, who are able, should do at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.
- Adults with chronic conditions or disabilities, who are able, should also do muscle-strengthening activities of moderate or greater intensity that involve all major muscle groups on 2 or more days
- a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.
- When adults with chronic conditions or disabilities are not able to meet the above key guidelines, they should engage in regular physical activity according to their abilities and should avoid inactivity.
- Adults with chronic conditions or symptoms should be under the care of a health care practitioner. People with chronic conditions can consult a health care professional or physical activity specialist about the types and amounts of activity appropriate for their abilities and chronic conditions.
Box 9. Key Guidelines for Safe Physical Activity
- To do physical activity safely and reduce risk of injuries and other adverse events, people should
- Understand the risks, yet be confident that physical activity can be safe for almost everyone.
- Choose types of physical activity appropriate for their current fitness level and health goals, because some activities are safer than others.
- Increase physical activity gradually over time to meet key guidelines or health goals. Inactive people should “start low and go slow” by starting with lower-intensity activities and gradually increasing how often and how long activities are done.
- Protect themselves by using appropriate gear and sports equipment, choosing safe environments, following rules and policies, and making sensible choices about when, where, and how to be active.
- Be under the care of a health care practitioner if they have chronic conditions or symptoms. People with chronic conditions and symptoms can consult a health care professional or physical activity specialist about the types and amounts of activity appropriate for them.
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